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An Introduction to this Course
Definitions & classifications of research, and research procedures
The concept of variables
Quantitative research design
Questionnaire survey
Item analysis,validity & reliability
Data exploring
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics
Writing a research proposal
Reporting a research
Research evaluation
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Data sources:
primary, secondary
Objectives:
descriptive, exploratory, correlational, explanatory
Time for data collection:
cross-sectional, longitudinal (panel, trend)
Data types:
qualitative, quantitative (survey, experimental)
Primary: studies based on primary, or original, data sources, such as classroom observations or real students, or their test scores, or their responses to a questionnaire.
Secondary: studies based on secondary sources such as other researhers’ books and articles, including library research and literature reviews.
Descriptive: studies involving the collection of data in order to test hypotheses or to answer questions concerning the current status of the subjects of the study.
Exploratory: studies conducted into an issue or problem where there are few or no earlier studies to refer to. The focus is on gaining insights and familiarity for later investigation.
Correlational: The basic question for descriptive research is - "What are the values of a number of variables for a given sample of subjects. The basic research question for correlation research is - What is the relationship between two or more variables for a given set of subjects. Notice that we said relationship between variables and not the effect of one variable on another variable.
In descriptive research we are just describing our subjects in terms of one or more variables, while in correlational research we are looking at the relationship between the variables.
Correlational: The basic question for descriptive research is - "What are the values of a number of variables for a given sample of subjects. The basic research question for correlation research is - What is the relationship between two or more variables for a given set of subjects. Notice that we said relationship between variables and not the effect of one variable on another variable.
In descriptive research we are just describing our subjects in terms of one or more variables, while in correlatio
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Functions of a research proposal
Planning tool for the researcher
Rough draft of the final research report
Convincing others that your research is worth undertaking
Demonstrating expertise and competency in your particular area of study
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单样本t检验
独立样本t检验
配对样本t检验
单因素方差分析
Normal distribution and sampling distribution
Normal distribution is made up of individual scores.
Sampling distribution is composed of group means.
With more groups means, a curve of their distribution would be symmetric. This symmetric curve is not called a normal distribution but rather a sampling distribution of means
A sampling distribution is the distribution of a sample statistic that would be obtained if all possible samples of the same size were drawn from a given population.
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Pearson Correlation
The Pearson correlation allows us to establish the strength of relationships between continuous variables.
To show the relationship, the first step is to draw a scatterplot or scattergram, which can help us to obtain a preliminary understanding of this relationship.
The scatterplot can be described in terms of direction, strength and linearity.
Correlation and SPSS
Pearson product-moment coefficient is designed for interval level (continuous) variables. It can also be used if you have one continuous variable (e.g., scores on a measure of self-esteem) and one dichotomous variable (e.g., sex: M/F).
Spearman rank order correlation is designed for use with ordinal level or ranked data.
SPSS will calculate two types of correlation. First, it will give a simple bivariate correlation (which just means between two variables), also known as zero-order correlation. SPSS will also explore the relationship between two variables, while controlling for another variable. This is known as partial correlation.
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