江科大STM32学习笔记（下）-SPI实验程序
STM32是一款基于ARM Cortex-M内核的微控制器，由意法半导体公司（STMicroelectronics）生产，广泛应用于嵌入式系统设计。本篇主要关注STM32在SPI（Serial Peripheral Interface）通信上的实践，通过两个实验：硬件SPI读写W25Q64和软件SPI读写W25Q64，来深入理解SPI接口的工作原理和编程方法。
1. **SPI基本概念**
SPI是一种同步串行通信协议，用于连接微控制器和其他外围设备。它通常包含四个信号线：SCLK（时钟）、MISO（主设备输入，从设备输出）、MOSI（主设备输出，从设备输入）和NSS/CS（片选信号），支持全双工通信。STM32中的SPI外设可以工作在主模式或从模式，提供多种时钟极性和相位配置，以适应不同设备的需求。
2. **硬件SPI与软件SPI的区别**
硬件SPI利用了STM32内部的SPI外设，由硬件自动处理时钟生成、数据传输等细节，减轻CPU负担，提高通信效率。软件SPI则完全由CPU通过GPIO模拟SPI协议，灵活性更高但速度相对较慢。
3. **11-1 软件SPI读写W25Q64**
W25Q64是一款SPI接口的闪存芯片，用于存储大量数据。在软件SPI实验中，需要通过STM32的GPIO模拟SPI信号，逐位发送命令和地址，并接收返回数据。关键步骤包括初始化GPIO、设置SPI时序、发送命令、读取数据等。此实验旨在熟悉SPI协议的软件实现，理解每个信号线的作用。
4. **11-2 硬件SPI读写W25Q64**
使用硬件SPI时，需要配置STM32的SPI外设，包括选择SPI接口、设置时钟源、配置时钟极性和相位、配置NSS信号模式等。然后，同样发送命令和地址，但数据传输由硬件自动完成。硬件SPI实验强调的是如何高效利用STM32的SPI外设，提高系统的实时性。
5. **W25Q64操作指令**
在SPI通信中，需要掌握W25Q64的读写指令，如读状态寄存器、读数据、写数据、擦除扇区等。理解这些指令的格式和作用是成功进行SPI通信的基础。
6. **实验步骤与代码分析**
实验步骤通常包括初始化STM32、配置SPI接口、选择正确的片选信号、发送读写指令、处理响应数据。代码分析可以帮助理解STM32如何通过HAL库或LL库（Low Layer库）来设置和控制SPI外设，以及如何与W25Q64交互。
7. **调试与问题解决**
在实际操作中可能会遇到如通信错误、数据不一致等问题，这需要熟练使用调试工具，如STM32CubeIDE的断点、单步执行、查看寄存器状态等功能，来定位并解决问题。
8. **总结**
通过这两个实验，不仅能掌握STM32的SPI通信，还能深入了解SPI协议、微控制器与外设之间的交互方式，以及如何通过代码实现这些功能。这对理解和应用其他SPI设备，如LCD、传感器等，具有重要的实践意义。
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