计算机组织与结构:性能设计 william stalling 东南大学信息学院 课件

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《计算机组织与结构:性能设计》是计算机科学领域的一门重要课程,主要研究计算机硬件的构造、工作原理以及如何优化其性能。这门课程由知名计算机科学家William Stalling撰写,并在东南大学信息学院进行讲授,由金石教授制作成PPT形式的课件供学生学习。下面将对这一领域的关键知识点进行详细的阐述。 1. 计算机系统的基本组成: 计算机系统主要包括处理器(CPU)、内存、输入/输出设备和存储系统。理解它们的功能和相互作用对于分析和设计高性能计算机至关重要。 2. CPU(中央处理器): CPU是计算机的核心,负责执行指令和控制整个系统的运行。其内部结构包括控制单元、算术逻辑单元(ALU)和寄存器。理解指令集架构(ISA)和微架构的区别是优化性能的关键。 3. 内存层次结构: 为了平衡速度与容量,计算机使用了内存层次结构,包括寄存器、高速缓存(L1、L2、L3)、主内存和硬盘。缓存的命中率和访问时间直接影响性能,而现代处理器的预取技术则试图预测并提前加载数据。 4. 指令流水线: 通过将指令执行分解为多个阶段,指令流水线可以同时处理多条指令,提高CPU效率。理解流水线的深度、分支预测和数据冲突对性能的影响是性能设计的重点。 5. 并行计算: 随着多核和多处理器系统的普及,理解并行计算原理和并行编程模型(如OpenMP、MPI)变得至关重要。并行计算可以显著提升计算密集型任务的处理速度。 6. 性能度量: 使用性能指标如时钟周期、IPC(每周期指令数)、FLOPS(浮点运算每秒)等来评估和比较不同计算机系统的性能。理解这些指标的含义和计算方法对于性能优化至关重要。 7. 动态电压频率调整(DVFS)和功率管理: 针对能耗和散热问题,现代计算机采用动态电压频率调整技术,根据负载需求改变电压和频率,实现节能和性能之间的平衡。 8. 计算机存储体系: 存储器层次结构从高速缓存到磁盘,每层都有其特定的访问速度和容量。了解存储设备的工作原理,如SSD和HDD的差异,有助于优化数据存取性能。 9. 输入/输出(I/O)系统: I/O设备如键盘、鼠标、显示器和网络接口卡等,其性能直接影响用户交互体验。I/O子系统的设计和优化,如DMA(直接内存访问)和中断处理,对于整体系统性能也非常重要。 10. 系统总线与通信协议: 系统总线负责传输数据和控制信号,如PCIe、USB、Ethernet等协议。理解这些通信协议的特性可以帮助设计高效的数据传输方案。 《计算机组织与结构:性能设计》课程涵盖了从底层硬件到系统软件的广泛知识,旨在培养能够理解和优化计算机系统性能的专业人才。通过深入学习,我们可以更好地理解计算机的工作原理,从而设计出更高效、更节能的计算机系统。

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