### Interconnections：网络互连设备与协议详解 #### 引言 《Interconnections》第二版由Radia Perlman撰写，本书深入探讨了互联网中的数据传输机制。这些传输机制主要涉及路由器、交换机、网桥等核心设备以及它们之间的互联协议。Perlman在书中不仅详细解释了各种设备的功能和技术细节，还剖析了不同网络架构的选择及其背后的工程权衡。 #### 网络互连设备概述 在网络中，用于连接不同设备并实现数据传输的设备主要包括网桥、路由器、交换机和集线器等。 1. **网桥**（Bridge）：主要用于连接两个局域网（LAN），能够在数据链路层上对数据进行过滤和转发。 2. **路由器**（Router）：工作在网络层，用于连接不同的网络，并能够基于IP地址进行数据包的转发。 3. **交换机**（Switch）：高级的多端口网桥，它能在数据链路层高效地转发数据。 4. **集线器**（Hub）：较为简单的设备，主要用于将多个设备连接在一起形成一个共享的物理层网络。 #### 网络互连中的术语混淆问题 目前，关于网络互连设备的术语存在很多混淆不清的情况，例如： - 不同的术语被随意混用，比如网桥和交换机的概念常常被模糊处理。 - 相关的技术规范分散在多个文档中，使得理解整个系统的运行机制变得复杂。 - 很多实际操作的经验和技巧没有书面记录，而是通过口头传承。 #### 工程实践与技术选择 Perlman强调，在设计和实现网络互连系统时，工程师需要具备开放的心态，并且不断地从实践中学习。她指出，面对既有的技术信仰或“教条”，不应盲目接受，而应该保持批判性思考，理解每一项技术的原理及其应用场景。 #### 技术细节与协议比较 在本书中，Perlman并没有一开始就深入到具体协议的细节，而是先介绍了需要解决的问题，然后探讨了多种解决方案，并分析了其中涉及的工程权衡。随后，她对比了实际部署的各种方案，给出了自己的技术见解，并欢迎读者提出不同的观点。 #### 协议示例增加 在第二版中，Perlman增加了更多协议的例子，如ATM（异步传输模式）、IPv6、IPX、AppleTalk和DECnet等。这样做的目的是为了让读者更全面地了解现有技术，并从中汲取经验教训，为未来的新协议设计提供参考。 - **ATM（异步传输模式）**：一种高速网络传输技术，适用于语音、视频等多种类型的数据传输。 - **IPv6**：下一代互联网协议版本，解决了IPv4地址空间不足的问题。 - **IPX**：NetWare网络操作系统中的通信协议，适用于局域网环境。 - **AppleTalk**：苹果公司早期推出的网络协议，用于Macintosh计算机之间的通信。 - **DECnet**：由Digital Equipment Corporation开发的一套网络协议，支持分组交换和路由器功能。 #### 结语 通过对《Interconnections》第二版的分析，我们可以看出Perlman不仅关注技术本身，更重视技术背后的思维过程和决策逻辑。这种全面而深刻的视角对于理解现代网络体系结构具有重要意义。无论是对于初学者还是资深技术人员来说，《Interconnections》都是一本不可多得的好书。

The Protocols (TCP-IP Illustrated Volume 1).part1.rar（共4部分，第1部分）

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Introduction This book describes the TCP/IP protocol suite, but from a different perspective than other texts on TCP/IP. Instead of just describing the protocols and what they do, we'll use a popular diagnostic tool to watch the protocols in action. Seeing how the protocols operate in varying circumstances provides a greater understanding of how they work and why certain design decisions were made. It also provides a look into the implementation of the protocols, without having to wade through thousands of lines of source code. When networking protocols were being developed in the 1960s through the 1980s, expensive, dedicated hardware was required to see the packets going "across the wire." Extreme familiarity with the protocols was also required to comprehend the packets displayed by the hardware. Functionality of the hardware analyzers was limited to that built in by the hardware designers. Today this has changed dramatically with the ability of the ubiquitous workstation to monitor a local area network Mogul 1990. Just attach a workstation to your network, run some publicly available software (described in Appendix A), and watch what goes by on the wire. While many people consider this a tool to be used for diagnosing network problems, it is also a powerful tool for understanding how the network protocols operate, which is the goal of this book. This book is intended for anyone wishing to understand how the TCP/IP protocols operate: programmers writing network applications, system administrators responsible for maintaining computer systems and networks utilizing TCP/IP, and users who deal with TCP/IP applications on a daily basis. Organization of the Book We take a bottom-up approach to the TCP/IP protocol suite. After providing a basic introduction to TCP/IP in Chapter 1, we will start at the link layer in Chapter 2 and work our way up the protocol stack. This provides the required background for later chapters for readers who aren't familiar with TCP/IP or networking in general. This book also uses a functional approach instead of following a strict bottom-to-top order. For example, Chapter 3 describes the IP layer and the IP header. But there are numerous fields in the IP header that are best described in the context of an application that uses or is affected by a particular field. Fragmentation, for example, is best understood in terms of UDP (Chapter 11), the protocol often affected by it. The time-to-live field is fully described when we look at the Traceroute program in Chapter 8, because this field is the basis for the operation of the program. Similarly, many features of ICMP are described in the later chapters, in terms of how a particular ICMP message is used by a protocol or an application. We also don't want to save all the good stuff until the end, so we describe TCP/IP applications as soon as we have the foundation to understand them. Ping and Traceroute are described after IP and ICMP have been discussed. The applications built on UDP (multicasting, the DNS, TFTP, and BOOTP) are described after UDP has been examined. The TCP applications, however, along with network management, must be saved until the end, after we've thoroughly described TCP. This text focuses on how these applications use the TCP/IP protocols. We do not provide all the details on running these applications. Readers This book is self-contained and assumes no specific knowledge of networking or TCP/IP. Numerous references are provided for readers interested in additional details on specific topics. This book can be used in many ways. It can be used as a self-study reference and covered from start to finish by someone interested in all the details on the TCP/IP protocol suite. Readers with some TCP/IP background might want to skip ahead and start with Chapter 7, and then focus on the specific chapters in which they're interested. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapters, and most solutions are in Appendix D. This is to maximize the usefulness of the text as a self-study reference. When used as part of a one- or two-semester course in computer networking, the focus should be on IP (Chapters 3 and 9), UDP (Chapter 11), and TCP (Chapters 17-24), along with some of the application chapters. Many forward and backward references are provided throughout the text, along with a thorough index, to allow individual chapters to be studied by themselves. A list of all the acronyms used throughout the text, along with the compound term for the acronym, appears on the inside back covers. If you have access to a network you are encouraged to obtain the software used in this book (Appendix F) and experiment on your own. Hands-on experimentation with the protocols will provide the greatest knowledge (and make it more fun). Systems Used for Testing Every example in the book was run on an actual network and the resulting output saved in a file for inclusion in the text. Figure 1.11 (p. 18) shows a diagram of the different hosts, routers, and networks that are used. (This figure is also duplicated on the inside front cover for easy reference while reading the book.) This collection of networks is simple enough that the topology doesn't confuse the examples, and with four systems acting as routers, we can see the error messages generated by routers. Most of the systems have a name that indicates the type of software being used: bsdi, svr4, sun, solaris, aix, slip, and so on. In this way we can identify the type of software that we're dealing with by looking at the system name in the printed output. A wide range of different operating systems and TCP/IP implementations are used: BSD/386 Version 1.0 from Berkeley Software Design, Inc., on the hosts named bsdi and slip. This system is derived from the BSD Networking Software, Release 2.0. (We show the lineage of the various BSD releases in Figure 1.10 on p. 17.) Unix System V/386 Release 4.0 Version 2.0 from U.H. Corporation, on the host named svr4. This is vanilla SVR4 and contains the standard implementation of TCP/IP from Lachman Associates used with most versions of SVR4. SunOS 4.1.3 from Sun Microsystems, on the host named sun. The SunOS 4.1.x systems are probably the most widely used TCP/IP implementations. The TCP/IP code is derived from 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD. Solaris 2.2 from Sun Microsystems, on the host named solaris. The Solaris 2.x systems have a different implementation of TCP/IP from the earlier SunOS 4.1.x systems, and from SVR4. (This operating system is really SunOS 5.2, but is commonly called Solaris 2.2.) AIX 3.2.2 from IBM on the host named aix. The TCP/IP implementation is based on the 4.3BSD Reno release. 4.4BSD from the Computer Systems Research Group at the University of California at Berkeley, on the host vangogh.cs.berkeley.edu. This system has the latest release of TCP/IP from Berkeley. (This system isn't shown in the figure on the inside front cover, but is reachable across the Internet.) Although these are all Unix systems, TCP/IP is operating system independent, and is available on almost every popular non-Unix system. Most of this text also applies to these non-Unix implementations, although some programs (such as Traceroute) may not be provided on all systems. Typographical Conventions When we display interactive input and output we'll show our typed input in a bold font, and the computer output like this. Comments are added in italics. Also, we always include the name of the system as part of the shell prompt (bsdi in this example) to show on which host the command was run. Throughout the text we'll use indented, parenthetical notes such as this to describe historical points or implementation details. We sometimes refer to the complete description of a command in the Unix manual as in ifconfig(8). This notation, the name of the command followed by a number in parentheses, is the normal way of referring to Unix commands. The number in parentheses is the section number in the Unix manual of the "manual page" for the command, where additional information can be located. Unfortunately not all Unix systems organize their manuals the same, with regard to the section numbers used for various groupings of commands. We'll use the BSD-style section numbers (which is the same for BSD-derived systems such as SunOS 4.1.3), but your manuals may be organized differently. Acknowledgments Although the author's name is the only one to appear on the cover, the combined effort of many people is required to produce a quality text book. First and foremost is the author's family, who put up with the long and weird hours that go into writing a book. Thank you once again, Sally, Bill, Ellen, and David. The consulting editor, Brian Kernighan, is undoubtedly the best in the busin...

Specification for RFID Air Interface Protocol for Communications at 860 MHz – 960 MHz Version 2.0.1 Ratified ISO18000-6c 超高频UHF通信协议最新版v2.0.1

分享+：视频共享平台 常规：用户可以从网站上观看/上传/下载视频。 他们还可以对视频发表评论。 该项目的最终目标是建立一个像TikTok这样的社区。 ####简单高效的直播服务器： 安装和使用非常简单； 纯Golang，高性能和跨平台； 支持常用的传输协议，文件格式和编码格式； 支持的传输协议 HLS HTTP-FLV 设计图 API设计 使用HTTP协议完成对资源的操作。 三种类型的API： USER API：返回每个用户的状态。 RESOURCE API：返回视频的状态。 COMMENT API：返回一个特定视频/下的所有评论/ 流服务器设计 先决条件： UDP协议实现文件上传 令牌桶控制速率限制 调度器设计 异步删除 生产者-消费者模型 计时器：运行和停止 未来目标 断点续传 ♡Golang新特性 共享频道：不共享内存 云原生优化 处理程序->验证{1。 请求，2

ieee-standard-for-selforganizing-management-protocols-of-next-ge.pdf